The End of All Things.

My time here at the University of Calgary is done, I sat my final exam last night, and I move out of my accommodation in the next few days. Its gone quickly, it doesn't seem more than a few weeks since I arrived in August 2009. Its been one of the best years of my life, I made a whole host of new friends, seen a lot of new places, grown as a person and perhaps most importantly, and with most relevance to this site done a hell of a lot of mountaineering.

The city of Calgary, with the Rocky Mountains behind - my home and playground for the last 8 months.

I've just done a rough total of the days I've had out doing stuff in the mountains since I arrived and was quite surprised, I've done roughly 50 whole days give or take a few. I've been here 242 days, of which 32 weeks has been university term time. I'll save you the maths but basically every 2 out of 3 days I've been free I've been out playing which I'm pretty happy with! Considering I've also done a bit of touristy stuff and managed to get reasonable grades.

I've done more skiing than anything else, both in the backcountry and at resorts and as a result I'm a much better skier now then when I arrived which was my primary aim for the year. Close behind skiing I've spent a lot of time on the ice, before December I'd never climbed continental style ice before but since my first outings to the Junkyards I've progressed a bit and am now happy with the grade I'm leading, hopefully some of it will transfer over and I'll be knocking out some harder routes in Scotland next year. The downside to this is that skiing and climbing aren't the best things to get you fit, so I'm probably not in as good a shape cardiovascular vise now as I was last summer, but you win some you loose some, and a season in the Alps this summer will make up for that.

So, what now? My flight home isn't for a month (those of you from WLS reading, be at the Mowbreck beer festival, its the day I get home) so I've got a little time to play...

After taking advantage of all the stuff in the Rockies thats been on my doorstep for the last 8 months I've decided a change of scenery is in order so I'm packing up, and along with my good friend Dena driving south over the border into the states on Sunday for a month long roadtrip of climbing and sightseeing. On the ticklist for climbing are Red Rocks, Yosemite and Squamish (on the way home) and we'll be passing through the likes of Salt Lake City, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle and Vancouver. I'm excited.

Yosemite Valley.

Therefore the site may become little stagnant for the next month, but I'll have plenty of time to pen some good reports on what I've done on the flight home.

Sunshine Skiing - End of the Season

Headed out to Sunshine on Sunday, courtesy of Tristan and met up with Joe, Lou an their friend Chris who is visiting. For those of you that were in the city you'll know that it put down a few cm's on saturday afternoon and evening which made us quite optimistic for the snow conditions. While not being a true, baseless, deep powder day there was a good few inches with a fairly solid base beneath it which made for some lovely skiing in the morning. Later on we headed out of bound looking for some fresh turns which paid off we we got some lovely powder skiing on a slope up and above the Continental Chair bottom station.

Taken from the top of the 'Bye Bye Bowl', Mt Assiniboine is the shapely peak on the right.

After a hearty lunch of Yam fries and wings in Trappers we headed over to Goat's Eye for the afternoon with the intention to ski some of the chutes, unfortunately these were closed, but we manged to traverse from Cleavage almost up to them for some nice steep skiing and then some snug trees. We skied middle/lower canyon out that is certainly showing its age as there are three streams that have opened up which require little jumps to get across them!

So, probably the last day on planks for me this season, its certainly been a good one - better then my average of a week in Switzerland/France and the odd day in Scotland!

Photo courtesy of Joe.

Sunshine Spring Skiing

Friday was Bermuda shorts day at the university, simply an excuse the thousands of UofC students to drink a lot, not go to class all in the name of bringing the spring semester, and year to an end. I had a great day, I'm not going to go into exactly what I did but I hit all the big events; beer mile, couch races, pancake breakfast and the cage. The day itself made national news, which considering Canada is a big country I'm pretty impressed with, you can see CBC's report here - its worth a watch.

Saturday was spent recovering from Friday, a theme I imagine was common for most of the university's 24,000 undergrads. In the evening I headed over to Ian's for some beer, and pizza before we headed out skiing to Sunshine on the Sunday. Conditions are still fair at sunshine, snow cover is better than expecting although with the bring weather it is thinning in places, this is especially obvious on the higher scree slopes of Goat's Eye which being out of bounds are not maintained, most runs have a full covering though. The big issue at the moment in the temperature, by the afternoon the runs are getting pretty moist and slushy, and by the time its time to ski out you're dodging puddler - but I guess thats the sacrifice you make for being able to ski in a jumper with you sleeves rolled up!

Sunshine is open until May 23rd this year, although quite how many more days I'll get on planks, in resort or in the backcountry I don't know. If this was my last day I'll be happy, but if I get 1-2 more I'll hot 30 days this season which I'll be very happy with!

The next ten days are finals for me, so whether or not I get a post in I don't know.

Wasootch Cragging - To Bolt or not to Bolt?

Little bit to catch up on here, its been a busy weekend...

Last Thursday was the penultimate day of classes for this semester, my only class for the day was cancelled so I headed out with Kelsie from the city to meet Maria, Matt and Trent at Wasootch slabs down in Kananaksis.

Me leading the very run-out C16, 5.7.

I gave a bit of an overviews of Wasootch a few weeks ago when I was there with Joe and Frank so read that for the basic information. This time I took my rack along to do some of the trad routes listed in the guide - which itself is a little odd being entitled 'Sport Climbs in the Canadian Rockies' but actually containing a great number of the traditional routes, denoting this by placing the word gear by the grade! Anyhow if my memory serves correct we did 5 routes in the 5.6-5.8 range which in British standards is up to about HS/VS, not quite where I was at at the end of last summer but not bad for the first days proper climbing of the summer.

I'm British, and by nature a traditional climber. I probably led 100 gear routes before I actually went to a actual sport crag. Anybody that knows me will know I am advocate of clean climbing, not really because of the concept of keeping the crags clean but if your bolting stuff then your effectively, in my eyes anyhow bringing the mountain down to your level. I feel it also takes away some of the satisfaction I get from climbing a route, I enjoy placing the gear, setting up the stations dealing with problems - its fun. Now I have been sport climbing, I've done it in several venues across the UK and in Europe and out here in North America, and a lot of the time I have enjoyed it, and there are areas that deserve to be bolted due to the nature of the geology, or other reasons.

Wasootch in some respects is a good example of this, its compact and carboniferous in nature, meaning there isn't a huge amount of placements, its also composed of lots of very blank slabs which are separated by several smaller, steeper more featured buttresses which will take gear. The issue I have is that whoever bolted the area (I believe it was TABVAR) seems to have been lacking in a bit of common sense, there are lines which are easily protect-able by a set of chocks and perhaps the odd cam which are laced with bolts, in some places the bolting is so aggressive that theres less than a meter between bolts. Thankfully one or two of these lines have been left untouched but I wouldn't be surprised if they soon see some iron work.

One of the last routes we climbed was C16, a 5.7 route listed a trad in the guidebook which consisted of some pleasant climbing up a flake lying on top of slab before a mantle move to ledge, a further very run-out slab led up to below an overhang where an fun move, the crux over the overhang led you to the upper slab which was again run-out, finishing at a bolt anchor, around 40m in total. Now anybody with any sense could see from looking at the route that the second two slab sections were seriously run-out, being about 10m each, the topo however suggested there was a bolt in place immediately below the overhang and above it so I decided to give it a go. When I reached the bolts though I was a little hesitant to trust them, looking pretty old, brittle and very rusty. I managed to get a no1. cam under the roof to back it up and made the move, clipped the one above that was in a similar state and finished the runout slab above. I did the route, its was little bit scary, if I had slipped on the slabs I may have decked or a least gone a very long way but I didn't because the climbing was comfortably within my limits - other people might not of be so fortunate.

So my natural conclusion drawn from the selection of routes I climbed is that whoever is bolting these areas should be using a bit more common sense, the guide suggests that the area is used by both trad and sport climbers so bolt the routes (properly) like C16 which are run-out on gear and leave the ones (B slab area) that can be protected naturally alone. Simply bolt what needs bolting and don't what doesn't!

Loweing off, Wasootch Tower in the background.

I get the feeling that Wasootch is catering for gym climbing, latest five-ten shoe wearing, Prana dressed Chris Sharma want-to-bes that climb outside once or twice a year to justify to themselves that they are real climbers. Well perhaps thats a little harsh, and maybe I'm being a little bit elitist by suggesting that that why so many of the lines have been aggressively bolted and that the city-slicker should stick to their gyms, but this is just my opinion. Hopefully I don't come across as too pretentious here, after-all I am new to this area, and bolts are pretty commonplace across North America, so feel free to put me in my place! I just think its bit of a shame that what is a nice little venue has been tainted a little by bolts.

Photos courtesy of Maria.

Nakiska Skiing

Headed out to Nakiska yesterday with Ian, I've never skied there so its nice to be able to tick another resort before I leave. Its not on my season pass but thanks to Ian's friend Tara and here boyfriend Ryan we got free lift passes as Ryan works as a ski patroller there.

Its not a massive resort but is significantly bigger than Norquay where I was skiing the weekend before, but not quite up to scale with Sunshine or Louise. The big advantage here though is that (excluding COP) its Calgary's closest resort, only 45 minutes from the city. The terrain for the most part is pretty easy, a few green-runs and then mostly blues and black all with European, wide open piste feel to them. Theres a few blacks that wind there way through glades for some moderately snug tree skiing and one double black which is quite possibly the easiest double black in the world - nothing compared to chutes or steep face runs at Sunshine or Louise. But for a leisurely day from the city its worth a visit.

Snow conditions were pretty good on the groomers in the morning, however by mid afternoon, some of the pistes were getting pretty scraped and ice. We skied one lap down the piste the ski racers had been doing in the morning to discover it was like ice-rink tipped to 35 degrees!

I skied with Ian for most of the day just burning down run after run as we were both feeling quite fit, I didn't have my altimeter set but we must of clocked up quite a bit of vertical! I also bumped into Lou and Jane who were out from Calgary as well, while Joe was off doing his triathlon so caught up with them at lunch. Theres a video below I took of Ian coming down one of the runs, he catches at edge but somehow manages to hold it together:



After skiing we headed back to the city to stick some furniture on the front lawn at Ian's for people to come an take, and then barbecued some steaks and drank some beers in the yard for the authentic 'redneck' night.

Calgary Mountain Film Festival

After a weekend of climbing and skiing last weekend and a fairly hectic penultimate week of term this week of handing in assignments and wrapping other things off I decided to take today off from anything too adventurous and chill out, lying in to well past lunch. Well thats my excuse for not having a partner to go climbing with! Anyhow heading out to Nakiska with Ian and some friends of his tomorrow to rip it up, more new territory to explore.

To the meat of this post though - an e-mail dropped in to my inbox a few weeks ago from Spirit West, one of the premier outdoor retails in the city which has developed a bit of a community around it (for you Brits think Needlesports or old Rock n' Run and you won't be far off) advertising the Calgary Mountain Film Festival; which is part of the bigger event known as the city's 'Outdoor Festival'. I hadn't heard of it before, which isn't surprising considering this is only the second year its run and with perhaps, the most famous mountain film festival in the world preceding it by a few months in Banff just an hour away. Anyhow I did some reading and it looks like they've got a really good line up of films and of speaks, I'm particularly keen to see Will Gadd talk about his ascent of Hunlen over in BC and see the film. There are 4 separate evenings for the films, but the best value seems to be to buy a weeks pass of $39. I've got finals that week but I'm going to try and make as many of the films as possible as its only a few stations away on the C-train in Kensington. So if your in the city next week (April 19-25th) make sure to get down, its looks good. To whet your appetite theres a trailer for the Banff Mountain Film Festival below, which included many of the films that will be being screened next week.

Junkyards & Norquay

Just a quick note here.


Last weekend (Sunday 28th) I headed out to the Junkyards with Dena & Ian for a fairly chilled afternoon, we threw a top rope up and climbed some of the steeper lines on the curtain before doing Scottish Gully, all fairly standard stuff. With regards to conditions theres are some big shear cracks forming in the ice on the main falls, I counted 4/5 with about 6ft in between them, I don't think theres any immediate danger but its certainly showing that its late in the season. The curtain is also thinning, and theres a big hole at the bottom. The itself isn't too bad to climb on, theres a granular layer thats sitting on top of the proper stuff thats formed as a result of the freeze cycles, this in combination with the ice below actually gives quite easy placements, it goes without saying that the steeper (WI4) lines are all really hooked out. If your after leading stuff I'd be wearing as due to the quality of the ice I was wearing about placing screws, and if you do place some, especially for top-roping make sure you bury them with some snow/ice. It was over 10 degrees when we were out there in bright sunshine and screws were certainly falling victim to melting out.

On a side note we hired some gear from a place in Canmore as we were a bit short, including a pair of Black Diamond Cobras - absolutely amazing tools, probably the best I've climbed on (yes, better than the Nomics I think!).


Yesterday (Sunday 4th) I was out skiing, as the other resorts were going to be busy due tot he easter weekend we decided to check out Norquay. Its a small resort, only 5 chairs all with a mixture of runs coming off them but it was satisfying for the day, if I spent several days there in a row I would certainly get bored, its no Sunshine or Louise but considering there were probably only 50 other people there all day (Sunshine would of been in the 1000s) it made some pleasant skiing, being able to just burn down runs with nobody else on them.

When i get chance I'll try and ass some photos to this. I reckon I maybe have next weekend left for winter stuff if the weather keeps going the way it is and then I'll be packing the skis and axes up until next season.

Sunshine Skiing

I had 3 days earlier this week staying in Banff, out skiing with Joe, Lou and Frank on his visit from the UK. Thankfully we managed to coincide we one of the biggest dumps since the Christmas break which was nice and since it was a weekday it was fairly quiet. We found a really nice powder stash out of the back on Standish lift by ducking the rope which we had a few great laps on.


On the last day we found even better skiing over on Goat's Eye mountain, if you traverse out right from the chairlifts theres a series of double black diamond chutes which drop through cliff bands, we skied the first of these which was in pretty good condition but a little thin in areas that had been windswept. The ski itself was ace, its fairly steep at the top (maybe 45 degrees?) so if you took a decent fall theres a good chance you woulden't stop, the couloir narrows at the bottome but once your out you end up in a wonderful open powder bowl with lovely skiing and then some nice glades which eventually spit you out on a piste. Fantastic.

We stayed in the Brewster Mountain Lodge in Banff which we managed to get a good deal at, $90 a night for a room of two. I can also now highly recommend The Saltlik restaurant; not cheap but up there as one of the best steaks I've eaten.

Wasootch Slabs

Second day out climbing with Joe & Frank on Saturday and with the relatively tropical forecast and still a little tired from our day on the ice previously we decided to head to the Wasootch Slabs in K-country for some early season rock climbing, about 40 minutes from my apartment in the NW.

Frank leading Orange Arete, 5.8.

Like most of the front ranges of the Rockies in Alberta the rock in carboniferous in nature, that which makes up the slabs is limestone, its south facing so even on cool days in gets the sun and the rock warms in the afternoon. The climbing is mostly sport but there are a handful of traditional routes, originally there would of been more but it appears that the locals have got a little more aggressive in their bolting of lines that could be done clean. Anyhow, theres enough for either type of climber to go out for a day.

Looking out to the Kananakis Valley, below G slab.

We were some of the first people there in the morning but by the afternoon there were probably upwards of 20 people, so its popular crag! We climbed quite a few single pitch routes, keeping things easy in the 5.6-5.9 range including a devious route that managed to get 60m of 5.6/7 climbing over 3 pitches. Its a lovely venues, especially for beginners or for some early season practice. I imagine the seasoned sport climber or anybody pushing the grades could find it a little limiting but I could certainly spend a few days or evening there.

I was using the 'Sport Climbs in the Canadian Rockies' guide by John Martin and Jon James. I do find it great the face you can be ice-climbing one day, rock climbing the next and skiing the day after out here!

Upper Evan Thomas Creek - Slurpee

Friday (19th March) I headed out with Joe and Frank to Evan Thomas Creek in Kananakis country, about 45mins from Calgary. I've climbed in the lower Evan Thomas Creek before which is home to some classic and popular routes but I'd never ventured any deeper.

We walked up in the morning, passing a swiss guide and his client who made some remarks at the car park about the size of our sacks and obviously coulden't live up to them! After about 45 minutes you pass Chantilly Falls on the left which I did earlier in the year, and then after another 15 the Moonlight/Snowline area which is looking pretty thin at the moment. 400m or so past this we came across Combo Falls which had been on our list of potential objectives, but at WI2 and relatively short it looked a little bit easy. This is the last route in the most recent guide.

Unpacking gear in the upper creek, Rehab Wall behind.

To get to the upper creek from combo you can follow the creek base as the creek bends to the left and approaches a waterfall, bounded by two impassable cliffs on either side, the falls itself were frozen and looked climbable being a short pitch of WI2/3 however the plunge pool below was not and none of us fancied going for a swim - this might be possible in the depths of a cold winter. We scouted for a way up the rock ledges to the left of the falls but to no avail, the rock is also very loose and fissile her. The best option we found was to back track about 100m from the falls before climbing a shallow gully on skiers left, and then bushwacking through forest for around 150m of heigh until you gain the ridge crest, then carry on traversing above cliffs on the other side of the waterfall until the gradient lessens and you can get down to the creek, now above the falls. From the falls this takes around 45minutes - so all in all to get in your looking at around 2 hours, but I imagine under fresh snow this could take a hell of a lot longer.

We wondered around the creek for a while to scope out some of the routes, we had a little bit of beta but not much so decided to go for what looked like a nice WI3 pillar style route just to the right of Rehab Wall, the mixed climbing area. It consisted of an approach pitch of no more than WI2- which we soloed, followed by the crux of the climbing, a 20m freestanding vertical pillar with some very chandeliery ice. Above this was was another pitch of around WI3 which lead to the top.

Me leading the WI4+ crux pitch of Slurpee.

I lead the steep pillar with Frank holding my ropes and Joe taking photos. Good screws were a rarity, especially in the bottom half, the fact that I managed to thread a collection of columns about half a meter deep into the pillar highlights this I think. All was going well until about a third of the way up I pulled up on a poor hook, the axe pulled through the ice as I made the move, both my feet blew and the next thing I new I was hanging a few meters further down the route looking up at my other tool still planted up on the route. Frank checked I was ok, and I did likewise as I brought down quite a bit of ice. The screw that held me had a screamer on it and I ripped about a 1/3 of it, I do wonder if I'd had a static sling on it instead if it would of pulled. Anyhow I lowered down and retrieved one of Frank's tools and then carried on back up, climbing a little more carefully until I got to the better ice above, finally pulling myself over the top quite relieved. I brought Frank an Joe up who both agreed it was a pretty scary pitch before Frank led up the final easier pitch, we both followed and then got off in two abseils.

A little research after showed the route to be Slurpee WI4+, albeit in pretty tricky conditions because of the ice, one of the hardest things I've led here.

Black Prince

I headed out to Black Prince, a popular backcountry ski area down in Kananaskis with Trevor yesterday. We had fantastic weather with great if perhaps a touch warm.

Black Prince is located off Highway 40, about 50 minutes from Calgary, and a maybe 35-40 from Canmore. The slopes that are usually skied sit below the mountains from which they take their name, a winter ascent on skis isn't listed in the ski guide and I don't know if its in the Alpine routes guide, but it would make a good objective especially for the summer. You skin straight out of the car park crossing the basin towards the slopes, following the river. Once you reach the slopes their are few options, we followed the hiking trail which had a nice skin track from a party before us up and then broke out onto the ridge through the gradually thinning trees until we reached the tree-line. This is about 5km and 4-500m of ascent In good snow stability conditions you could continue further up the ridge to get a longer descent but due to the warm temperatures and high category we choose to stick to the relative safety of the trees.

Snug trees on the descent of Black Prince.

The descent is lovely at the top with fairly open glades where you can get some nice wide turns with the slope probably sitting about 25-30 degrees. The snow was a lot better than we expected (I was pretty worried driving through the upper Kananaskis valley as it has lost most of its snow), I sank to my thighs a few times when I stepped of my skis - not glorious fresh champagne powder but good enough for us. The guidebook dosen't give much information as to the distribution of the trees across the drainage and I think we got sucked into following some other people's ski tracks and ended up skiing some pretty tight trees towards the bottom. Eventually the slope will spit you out at the river, depending on where this happens you might be able to get a clean run onto the trail and back down to the car park, unfortunately we were a bit to far to skier's right for this so had a done skins for a quick ascent over the ridge before the final down.

Again I was using Chic Scott's 'Alpine Ski Tours: Summits & Icefields in the Canadian Rockies' which I found to be a good aid.

Back to Trevor's in the evening for some beer, steaks on the BBQ and the chance to get a fresh coat of wax on my skis for free!

Sunshine Meadows

Having had quite a heavy week, with lots of midterms and a few papers due I was looking forward to the weekend and getting back out into the mountains. Unfortunately all my usual partners found some excuse or another to be busy which was a shame, but un-deterred I planned a solo ski mission out the back of the Sunshine Village Ski Resort in Banff National park which turned out to be a fantastic day, excellent weather and views and a little solitude.

Very clear skies - Mt. Assiniboine the Matterhorn of N.America.

I caught the Sunshine Coach early on Saturday morning, which while still not being cheap is cheaper than any of the other means of piblic transport out there at $35 return, and gets you to the resort for 9:30am. I decided to make use of the lift pass and ride the gondola up and got in a few runs around the resort to warm up and check my knee wasn't having issues. I then caught the Wawa chair to the top, donned skins and headed up to Wawa ridge. I ran a few laps of the top of here first getting some nice fresh tracks before dropping off to the SW and heading towards Twin Cairns the 2,550m highpoint of the meadows. The skin up was fantastic, if perhaps a little warm but the sun was certainly welcome - very much like spring skiing. I decided to forgo the actual summit of Twin Cairns a few hundred meters below the top due to the slope looking a little dodgy and having had the sun all day (the avalanche report was pretty ambiguous, categorizing the day as 'Variable' but did specifically warn about solar triggered slides, which I could see going of several slopes in the vicinity) and the fact I was on my own. I got some more fresh tracks in, interspersed with a little skinning on my way back down to the resort. I had a little time left before the coach left so did some runs on Goats Eye which had some surprisingly nice snow at the top, then the ski out back to car park. Back in Calgary for 7:30pm.

Looking out across the meadows from the top of Wawa ridge.

The meadows are a great venue for some very accessible backcountry skiing. I first read about them in Chic Scott's Ski Trails in the Canadian Rockies. They consist of a undulating plateau that sits at around 2,300m, a few hundred meters higher than the ski resort to the east with a few peaks accessible such as Twin Cairns which I mentioned above. Theres no specific route listed in the guidebook, just a description of the area which I quite like, its a change from all of the other prescribed routes - this is probably due to the low objective danger of the area, there no real alpine hazards and while still there the avalanche danger on most slopes is generally usually low. As such apart from actually informing you about this areas existence the guidebook isn't actually that helpful! A much better aid is Gem Trek Publishing's Banff & Mount Assiniboine 1:100,000 topographical map, which has an enlargement of the meadows at 1:50,000 on the back, the contour intervals are at 50m though which takes a bit of getting used to for those of us that have grown up with ordnance survey's 10m ones!

Theres certainly a few more trips worth of skiing to be done out there so I'll be heading back out at some point.

Slick Ice - Summary

Just read through what I wrote last night and realized that I actually wrote quite a lot! I'll offer a quick summary in the form of 5 key tips below in case you don't fancy the marathon read.

1. Use a longer rope, 60m or 70m and always make the effort to run the full length out.
   
2. Use an autoblock belay device, allowing multitasking at the belay.
3. Climb confidently, moving for reasonable distances above your gear.
4. Have a system that works in place for changeovers so there as quick as possible.
5. Lead in blocks rather than swinging the lead.
   

Slick Ice - Moving Fast On Big Ice Routes

I've been having a fairly chilled out 10 days since coming back from the Icefields, I took the weekend just gone off from anything mountain related to give my knee a rest and catch up with some housekeeping, studying and paperwork, and putting this new site together. Weather is also a little funky here at the moment, it feels like spring, I've been walking around the city with just a cardigan on in +10 a far cry from multiple layers of down when it was 30 below in December. From what I hear a lot of the ice in the front ranges is suffering, and the pistes are looking very thin at the resorts, still lots of snow in the backcountry though and relatively low avalanche danger apart from some solar triggered stuff on southern aspects. March is usually a big snow month so we'll see, I wouldn't be surprised if we get the mother of all dumps in the next few weeks but due to how the Arctic Oscillation feedback is working this year I think we may of seen the last of the really cold weather.

So in this aforementioned down time I came across a really interesting article on Will Gadd's site giving tips for speed and moving efficiently on multi-pitch ice, theres a lot of good stuff in there although there are a few things that I don't quite agree with or would do differently, I'll delve into a few of these below. When I first came out here and started the whole pure ice thing, which we don't really get in the UK, and I'd only had limited experience of in Europe I figured I'd best do a little reading to get up to speed so I picked up a copy of 'Ice & Mixed Climbing: Modern Technique' which is written by Gadd - if your getting into this sort of thing this is certainly the book to have and from what I can tell is as current as you can get for the basic techniques.

Will Gadd's Blog article can be read here.

Rope Choice
In Gadd's article he recommends using a single rope for leading on, and from what I've seen this seems to be commonplace for most climbers out here. Using one rope makes things simple, you don't end up with tangles, you don't have to think which rope to clip etc. With the impact forces of single ropes getting lower and lower using a twin rope (both strands clipped into each runner) system on ice is loosing popularity, it will however still always have advantage off if you cut your rope your still left with one strand! Half/double rope technique, what is commonly seen on trad climbs, biggest advantage is that on winding routes it reduce the rope drag on the leader. On ice this isn't so much of a problem as in general you can put gear where you want, obviously bearing in the the quality of the ice etc. On some ice routes, and those with mixed pitches double ropes may have the advantage. I'm specifically speaking with regard to cascade ice here, or continental/north American style mixed - for Scottish winter the double system for most routes is in my opinion the way to go.

Using a double rope system on a wandering route.

So assuming we go with a single rope lets talk about length, I think we're a bit behind the times in the UK with the standard rope length still being 50m, probably still stuck in the mentality that size doesn't matter, when clearly it does. Things are changing though and 60m ropes are becoming more popular, people over here are a step ahead though, 60m would be the standard length of rope, infact a lot of routes that need to be abseiled require 60m ropes but even this length isn't hugely popular with a large proportion of people have 70s. The only people I know with 70m ropes in UK are filthy sport climbers who heady off to Kalymnos or El Chorro for the endless lines of bolts. My conclusion of this is simple: longer rope = less pitches = faster. No two ways about it.

I'm not going to talk about how to speed up descent here, as if I did th article would be a lot longer than it is already going to be but it is important to remember that whatever rope system gets you up need to get you down. So if we look at my suggestion above, of say using a single 70m rope that means with that alone you can only rappel 35m. On a 300m route thats 8-9 raps, which is a lot. The solution to this would be carry a second rope or rap-line in a pack carried by the second, allowing you to rap the full extent of your rope.

Carl Stubbs seconding on a single serenity on a small WI3route.

The ropes I bought just before leaving the UK was a set of Mammut's new Serenity ropes, these are 8.9mm 60m ropes that are rated as single, half and twin. There not the first rope to get the rating as the Beal Joker has been around for 1-2 years before, they are marginally lighter than the Jokers though making them the lightest single rope in the world. I bought them because I was doing a lot of climbing in a three and I was concerned about the seconds when climbing in parallel only being on a single strand of double rope In a personal climbing situation I wouldn't have a problem seconding a route on one of these ropes as the chances of the second falling and generating enough force so that if the rope was over an edge are very very slim, I've even lead loads of pitches with just a single half rope below me but have obviously made an assessment off and am aware of the risk beforehand. In a lot of these situations though I was having to behave in a professional manor, for the most part leading on scouting events, and legally its not considered professional to have your clients on a rope that could be looked upon as being only half as strong as it should be, I imagine you'd be pretty screwed if this ever went to court! Its the same thing with guides in alpine regions, for pure glacier travel carrying a single rope is overkill, a half is fine in my opinion but in a legal sense the guides should have their clients on a single, not that anywhere near all of them do this!

I've got sidetracked a little there, back to the topic. If the routes short I'll just take one 60m and deal with more rappels, if I'm looking at a longer route I'll definitely take both, the main reason being the rappels, whether I climb on one and keep one in the pack or use them in a double rope system will depend on the route. High on my list of things to purchase though is a dedicated rap line, this could be a really thin (7-8mm) rope to pair with one of the serenitys for the descent or what I'm leaning towards more at the moment is a 60m length of 5-6mm cord to simply be used as a retrieval cord for the rap rope. Obviously using all of the above pieces in 70m lengths rather than 60m would also increase speed.

The Autoblock
These are still considered a little bit of a black art in the UK, with many people giving you funny looks when you rig one making you feel a little like the dark horse of the crag. The Europe and Canada they are one of the most popular ways of bringing up a second, the States is a bit like the UK but is slowly catching up from what I read. These devices really do speed things up, allowing the typically male climber to take on female characteristics for a period and multi-task! Belaying is dead time, if your using a placquette (atc) device off your harness you can't let go of the dead rope, meaning you can't do anything else. Using a autoblock device allows you to take layers on or off, mess with the rigging, change gloves, sort the rack ready for the changeover, eat & drink and a multitude of other things while still belaying your second, or even both of them.

The original autoblocks that were around were known as 'guide plates' collectively with modes such as the magic plate, and Kong's plate. These could only effectively be used for bringing up the second though. From my research the first major hybrid device to come onto the market, one that could be used in an autoblock/guide mode and also as a normal belay plate for belaying the leader was Petzl's first Reverso. I owned one of these and it was a great device, being nice and light and slick. Petzl followed this withe Reverso mk2 which didn't really change much apart from adding some grooves which reduced the slickness a little, to the like or dislike of different people. The big failing of these devices, and why a lot of users of the original magic plate shunned them was that they coulden't be released under load. If your second fell and ended up hanging in free space unable to to get back on the rope and take their weight off the rope, or even on a very steep face with little holds your unable to lower them to the ground easily. There is a method for doing this which everybody who uses such a device should know like the back of their hand, it involves attaching a sling or cord to the karabiner which the rope runs on the device (not the one attaching it to the belay) and then running this cord up above the device, through a point on the anchor and then back down and clipping it to your harness. The dead rope coming out of the device is then attached to you via an Italian hitch and the slack between you and the device taken in, the 'dead' rope coming out of the Italian hitch is then held and you sit back and put you weight on the cord. It may take a bit of bouncing but the carabiner being held by the rope int he device should release allowing you to lower the climber off the hitch. SO not the the easiest thing in the world to do. The old plate designs used to have a hole in the bottom that could be used to simply lever the device in this situation and lower the second. Black Diamond obviously picked up on this and released their ATC Guide which solved this problem by adding a loop to the front of a devide enabling this levering to take place, Petzl soon followed with their Reverso 3 which effectively copies the Guide. I currently use a Reverso 3, a big advantage is that it works across a large range of rope diameters, gone are the days of having to own a Reverso and Reversino! Go buy one.

Swinging Leads
On Ice swinging the leads on anything but short routes when your trying to climb efficiently doesn't in my experience tend to work too well. Even on big rock routes I think its far more efficient to lead it blocks rather than switch for every pitch. This is for a few reasons:

• You get into that lead mode, where your head is screwed on to what your doing, you go your eye trained for gear an you physced for it. Spend half an hour at a belay and you'll soon loose this.
• Ideally the second should fly up the route, getting from top to bottom in about 1/4 of the time it took the leader to climb (this is assuming climbing as equals) so they should be pretty dam warm when they arrive at the belay, and also pretty tired. It makes more sense for them to sling a belay jacket on to conserve this heat and for them to have a rest while the leader whose probably starting to get a little chilly after bringing the second up starts up the next pitch, warming up again.
• Changing over the rack is quicker, this is more true on rock then on ice but some things still hold true. Its much easier to replace gear into a depleted racked harness then it is to move the entire rack to a new harness.

So on longer routes, lead it blocks, its faster, and warmer.

A little bit of a side note is that if your climbing in a three, if your going to stand any chance as climbing as fast of a pair (and it IS possible, sometimes a three if everybody is slick and has assigned roles can climb faster than a pair!) you need to be climbing with seconds in parrallel so one person needs to lead substantial blocks, changing the leader in this situation is a real faff and wastes time.

Changeovers
As of noticed i've supported and agreed with a lot of what Gadd wrote in his article with what I've said above, not surprising, the guy is a better and far more experienced climber then I'll ever be but when reading the section he wrote on changeovers, particularly the set up of the belay for bringing up the second I thought it was a bit strange. The way he doesn't equalize the screws properly and essentially brings his second up off a single screw. I'm not saying this is wrong or unsafe but I don't think its what I'd do, below is the steps I would take upon reaching a belay on a big multi-pitch route.

1. Upon reaching where I'm going to belay one, as long as possible bomber screw in, daisy chain clipped to the top hole on the screw (a simply clovehitch with the rope would also work here but I like the daisy, it does however have its whole own world of controversy which I'm not going to get into now).
2. I shout "SAFE", upon hearing this the second takes me off belay, shouting "OFF BELAY", and begins to disassemble the anchor leaving in one bomber piece which they are attached to.
3. I put in a second bomber screw, usually higher but this depends on the ice and equalize it with a sling clipping my Reverso in guide mode to the powerpoint (equalizing this with the rope, while making the system more dynamic makes it more complicated and more difficult for the leader to move off once the second arrives).
4. I take in the slack, coiling it over one foot, there shouldn't be much as you should making an effort to run the rope out. When I hear "THATS ME" from the second its in the plate and I start taking in tight and shout "ON BELAY". The second should no this is coming and be ready to take the last screw out and be on the move in mere seconds.

While the second is climbing I can be eating, looking at the next pitch, changing gloves or anything else. One thing I think is quite easy and useful to do it to put in your first runner for the nest pitch as it should be immediately after the belay and stick a screamer on it so its ready to clip as soon as move off later Gadd suggests drilling a v-thread ready for the descent, and for the second to belay off, I've never done this but I could see how it would certainly speed up the descent. So the sequence when the second arrives:

1. Second arrives, clips into powerpoint of equalized slings, leader takes them off belay.
2. Flip over lapped rope onto the top of the equalized sling so its ready for the second to pay out.
3. Swap gear over, this should be occurring from moment they reach the ledge. The second should make sure them clean all the screws on route so this doesn't have to be done at the changeover.
4. Second puts leader on belay, leader un-clips daisy chain and starts climbing, clipping pre-placed first runner.

Julie Paton - lapping the ropes over the equalized sling, ready to pay out to the leader. Cascade, WI3+, 300m.

So nice and slick if it all goes to plan.

Confidence
Something not mentioned at all it Gadd's article as he concentrates on process and technique is the psychological side of climbing fast. If you go down to your local wall/gym the quick-draws on the lead wall are probably about 2m apart, we've already discussed that longer pitches make things faster, but think if you place a screw every 2m on a 60m pitch thats 30 screws. Never mind the weight of carrying 30 screws, but if it takes say 20 seconds to place a screw that 10 minutes you'll spend on the pitch simply putting screws in. Firstly this is a hell of a lot of time and will obviously slow you down but perhaps more importantly, hanging on one axe for 10 mintues (cumulatively) while you do this would be bloody knackering, energy you'd much rather spend getting further up the route. So you need to learn to climb confidently, for several meters above your gear.

On most routes for a pair I think 16 screws is a good number. If we loose 2 at each belay thats 12, and if each climber has one in reserve for those 'just-in-case moments' that leaves working screws for the pitch, which on a 60m pitch would be one every 6m. I think this is reasonable.

Conclusions
For anybody looking to climb bigger stuff faster I hope this offers a little advice, in addition to Will Gadd's fantastic effort. Its mostly all applicable to water ice however some of the techniques could be carried over in the rock, alpine or Scottish mixed arenas. I've really only scratched the surface of stuff here, and writing the article I got sidetracked a few times down different avenues which at some point in the future I'll return and expand on.

Wapta Icefields Traverse

I had last week off as reading break from university, which was welcome as the first part of this semester had begun to tire a little after a great month off at Christmas with friends and family. Before I arrived in Calgary, last summer I did some preliminary reading on the classic mountaineering objectives in the area and compiled a short informal list of stuff that I'd like to do out here, the first thing that sat quite highly in the ranking was the Cascade ice route above Banff which I managed to knock off in January with some friends from the UK, so with a week off I figured that it was time to cross another one of these of the lists, and what better than a traverse of the Wapta Ice-fields.

For those of you that are unfamiliar with the route its a hut to hut ski mountaineering route, often touted as Canada equivalent and competitor to the European Chamonix - Zermatt Haute route. The Wapta Icefields sit in the central ranges of the Rocky mountains on the western side of the Ice-fields Parkway. The route is linear moving southwards so requires you to do a car shuttle on either the first or last day. We took 4 days over the traverse, but missed out the Peyto hut due to hearing that the approach had a significant section of boot packing on it, and nobody really likes carrying their skis. Instead we began with an approach to the Bow hut, then a day ascending Mt Olive and getting to the Balfour hut, a day traversing the Balfour high col to the Scott Duncan hut and then on the final day we took the Sherbrook Lake ski out exit down to the West Lake Louise lodge.

The skiing on the route is for the most part fairly easy, with the hardest section being skiing the glades and canyon on the ski out. The glaciers are also fairly tame with no significant objective dangers apart from the ascent to the Balfour High Col, this section certainly warrants the party roping up and moving fairly fast as some big serac bands hang above the route, this danger can be lessened to a degree by taking the lower glacier route but while be objectively a little safer this is more crevassed and demands more attention to navigation. We were lucky and had fine weather for 3 days of the trip so navigation on this section or any of the other was never a problem, I could imagine in worse conditions though it could get very tricky. In case of this, and in addition to a map and compass, I carried a GPS with relevant waypoints programmed in, many other up there also seemed to be taking this precaution.

I used the 'Alpine Ski Tours in the Canadian Rockies' guidebook to plan the trip, along with articles I read on the internet. The map which seemed best to support these was Murray Toft's 'Ski Touring on the Wapta Ice-fields' which has the routes and huts marked as well as some helpful photographs detailing the best lines to take. I found this map elusive in Calgary, even MEC didn't stock it but I fortunately managed to pick up a copy in Banff at Mountain Magic for $23 - not super cheap but its printed on nice waterproof and tear resistant paper so if you look after it you should only have to buy one.

I did the tour with two friends of mine from Calgary; Meg a telemark skier, and Dena, a climber and alpine skier who is fast developing a passion for the backcountry. Everything went to plan and we achieved guidebook time on all of the day. Theres a video below that follows our trip, and a set of photos in my Picasa gallery that is linked above in the tabs. If I have some time I may write more narrative entry about the trip later in the week, but we'll see.